Research
References
These papers are background. What the software does comes from the app and my tests.
Lovibond profile-angle diagram. Background, not a LungLens result.
Clinical and bedside measurement
- Myers KA, Farquhar DR. Does this patient have clubbing? JAMA. 2001.
- Lovibond JL. The diagnosis of clubbed fingers. The Lancet. 1938.
- Spicknall KE, Zirwas MJ, English JC. Clubbing: An update on diagnosis, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2005.
Fairness and imaging risk
- Imaging systems can perform unevenly across lighting and pigmentation. That is a general risk from medical imaging fairness literature. No LungLens fairness result is claimed on this site.
Automated digital clubbing prior art
- Wang WH, et al. Artificial Intelligence Assisted Smartphone System for Real-Time Detection and Severity Assessment of Digital Clubbing. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2026. Prior art reviewed. Not adopted as LungLens clinical proof.
- Wang Z, et al. MSG-YOLO: A Lightweight Detection Algorithm for Clubbing Finger Detection. Electronics. 2024. Detection literature reviewed.
- Hsu WS, et al. An Automated Clubbed Fingers Detection System Based on YOLOv8 and U-Net. Diagnostics. 2024. Detection and segmentation literature reviewed.
Statistics for future agreement analysis
- Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet. 1986. Relevant to future agreement analysis. Not yet applied to LungLens clinical data.
Delayed recognition of primary ciliary dyskinesia
- Kuehni CE, Frischer T, Strippoli MPF, et al. Factors influencing age at diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia in European children. European Respiratory Journal. 2010. Background on delayed PCD diagnosis. Not a claim that clubbing caused that delay, and not a LungLens result.